I'm Head of Department and AQA examiner for Religious Studies. I teach the AQA spec and provide tried and tested resources. I'm uploading resources all of the time; my newest collection is the #FUN LESSONS range which are engaging, exam focused, challenging and getting great results. Lessons are fully resourced and easy to follow with minimal printing. I hope you enjoy teaching them.
I'm Head of Department and AQA examiner for Religious Studies. I teach the AQA spec and provide tried and tested resources. I'm uploading resources all of the time; my newest collection is the #FUN LESSONS range which are engaging, exam focused, challenging and getting great results. Lessons are fully resourced and easy to follow with minimal printing. I hope you enjoy teaching them.
USING ANIMALS FOR FOOD. RELIGION & HUMANISM LESSON ENABLES LEARNERS TO: Evaluate whether it is right to use animals for food, explaining views between (and within) Christianity, Islam and humanism.
#ENGAGE, CHECK UNDERSTANDING, CORRECT MISCONCEPTIONS, DIFFERENTIATE, CHALLENGE.
SINGLE LESSON
TEACH AS PART OF GCSE. AQA THEME B
OR AS A STAND-ALONE LESSON
PRIOR LEARNING: FARMING METHODS
INCLUDES RELIGIONS/PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS:
Differences within Christianity
Differences within Islam
Peter Singer’s preference utilitarianism and speciesism
** INCLUDED: **
Slides
Target Grade descriptors
PEES paragraph writing frame
Key term bank
Quote bank
Model answer
Quote matching game
Extra Challenges
**PEDAGOGY FEATURES: **
• Exam skills
• Recap
• Planned questioning
• Check whole class understanding.
• Address misconceptions
• Peer learning
• Reduce cognitive overload
• End task assessment
• Differentiation
EASY TO DELIVER
• Concise and logically sequenced
• Minimal printing
• Accessible for specialists and non-specialist teachers.
• Date on slide updates automatically.
• Task time indicators.
**I HOPE YOU ENJOY TEACHING THIS LESSON. YOUR FEEDBACK IS WELCOME. **
**FOR MORE LESSONS AND RESOURCES VISIT MY SHOP: **
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/Examined_Life
USING ANIMALS FOR FOOD (FARMING METHODS). LESSON ENABLES LEARNERS TO: To explain free range and intensive farming methods and critically compare these.
SINGLE LESSON
TEACH AS PART OF GCSE. AQA THEME B
OR AS A STAND-ALONE LESSON
PRIOR LEARNING: none required
INCLUDES RELIGIONS/PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS:
This lesson presents detailed accounts of farming methods only; the following lesson in the bundle applies religious and non-religious views to the question of using animals for food.
**ACTIVITIES INCLUDE: **
Presentation: strengths and weaknesses
Video note-taking
Self-Assessment
Debate
EASY TO DELIVER
• Concise and logically sequenced
• No printing
• Accessible for specialists and non-specialist teachers.
• Date on slide updates automatically.
• Task time indicators.
**I HOPE YOU ENJOY TEACHING THIS LESSON. YOUR FEEDBACK IS WELCOME. **
**FOR MORE LESSONS AND RESOURCES VISIT MY SHOP: **
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/Examined_Life
USE AND ABUSE OF ENVIRONMENT. THIS LESSON ENABLES LEARNERS TO:
• Explain and illustrate problems with non-renewable natural resources including pollution and global warming
• Explain and illustrate advantages of non-renewable resources.
• Explain a variety of religious and humanist attitudes towards the use of natural resources. #ENGAGE, CHECK UNDERSTANDING, CORRECT MISCONCEPTIONS, DIFFERENTIATE, CHALLENGE.
SINGLE LESSON
TEACH AS PART OF GCSE. AQA THEME B
OR AS A STAND-ALONE LESSON
PRIOR LEARNING (DESIRABLE BUT NOT ESSENTIAL): stewardship, dominion
**INCLUDES RELIGIONS/PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS: **
• Christian stewardship
• Christian dominion,
• Islam guardianship/khalifah,
• humanism
• Climate Change deniers
**RESOURCES INCLUDED: **
**Slides
Target Grade descriptors
PEES Writing frame
Key term bank
Quote bank
Model answer **
**ACTIVITIES INCLUDE: **
Presentation: use of natural resources
Model answer analysis
Modelling of PEES paragraph
Evaluation Question
Planned questioning to check whole class understanding.
**PEDAGOGY FEATURES: **
• Exam skills
• Recap
• Planned questioning
• Check whole class understanding.
• Address misconceptions
• Peer learning
• Reduce cognitive overload
• End task assessment
• Differentiation
EASY TO DELIVER
• Concise and logically sequenced
• Minimal printing
• Accessible for specialists and non-specialist teachers.
• Date on slide updates automatically.
• Task time indicators.
**I HOPE YOU ENJOY TEACHING THIS LESSON. YOUR FEEDBACK IS WELCOME. **
**FOR MORE LESSONS AND RESOURCES VISIT MY SHOP: **
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/Examined_Life
VALUE OF THE UNIVERSE LESSON ENABLES LEARNERS TO: explain a variety of religious and non-religious views on the value of the world and who is responsible for caring for it. Included in the lesson is a PEES paragraph model that I created during my 2023 exam board marking; this is to help students include all of the elements required for a 12/12 answer.
#ENGAGE, CHECK UNDERSTANDING, CORRECT MISCONCEPTIONS, DIFFERENTIATE, CHALLENGE.
SINGLE LESSON
TEACH AS PART OF GCSE. AQA THEME B
OR AS A STAND-ALONE LESSON
PRIOR LEARNING: Some knowledge of Christian and Islam beliefs about creation, stewardship, dominion desirable but not necessary.
INCLUDES RELIGIONS/PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS:
Christianity: creation, stewardship, dominion
Islam: guardianship (khalifah)
Humanism
**RESOURCES INCLUDED: **
Slides
Paired task (following modelling of PEES paragraph)
Target Grade descriptors
Writing frame using PEES model
Key term bank
Quote bank
**ACTIVITIES INCLUDE: **
Presentation
Modelling of PEES paragraph
Pairs worksheet: create a PEES paragraph.
Evaluation Question with prompts to use PEES paragraphs.
Planned questioning to check whole class understanding.
Modelling development
Extra challenges
**PEDAGOGY FEATURES: **
• Exam skills: focus on PEES paragraph and 12 mk answers
• Recap
• Planned questioning
• Check whole class understanding.
• Address misconceptions
• Peer learning
• Reduce cognitive overload
• End task assessment
• Differentiation
EASY TO DELIVER
• Concise and logically sequenced
• Minimal printing
• Accessible for specialists and non-specialist teachers.
• Date on slide updates automatically.
• Task time indicators.
**I HOPE YOU ENJOY TEACHING THIS LESSON. YOUR FEEDBACK IS WELCOME. **
**FOR MORE LESSONS AND RESOURCES VISIT MY SHOP: **
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/Examined_Life
‘Prayer -Christian Practices’ #FUN LESSONS. Engages students with the use of a range of popular culture media. It is a ‘MASTERY’ ‘and EXAM SKILLS focused lesson that is concise and easy to follow making it suitable for specialists and non-specialists alike.
There is an emphasis (and modelling) of key skills needed in exam questions and mini plenary’s and extra challenges throughout.
Date on slide updates automatically / Resource light / Easy to follow & Suitable for non-specialists
SUITABLE FOR DELIVERING:
Prayer – Christian Practices
Students will be able to (with reference to source of authority):
• To explain the meaning and significance of the Lord’s Prayer
• To explain the difference between liturgical (set prayers) and informal prayers and public/private prayers and evaluate which is most meaningful
Activities include:
variety of multimedia in popular culture including: Stormzy and David Bowie
Customisable recap do-now starter, a variety of tasks to learn about:
Liturgical prayer and Lord’s prayer
Informal prayers, and arrow prayers
Private and Public prayer - Strengths and weaknesses
liturgical and informal prayer - strengths and weaknesses
The five purposes of prayer
5 mark exam question with scaffolding
I hope you enjoy teaching this lesson. Your feedback is most welcome.
Tes paid licence
How can I reuse this?
CRIME: CAUSES, PREVENTION AND RELIGION LESSON INCLUDES A VARIETY OF ENGAGING RESOURCES TO STIMULATE AND CHALLENGE. BY THE END OF THE LESSON STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
Explain the causes of Crime
Explain Religious beliefs about the causes of crime
Think about how crime can be prevented by looking at the causes
Explain how religions work to prevent crime
ORIGINS OF LIFE LESSON ENABLES LEARNERS TO: EVALUATE IF IT’S POSSIBLE TO BELIEVE IN SCIENCE AND RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS ON ORIGINS OF LIFE. INCLUDING VIEWS WITHIN AND BETWEEN: CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM AND HUMANISM. #ENGAGE, CHECK UNDERSTANDING, CORRECT MISCONCEPTIONS, DIFFERENTIATE, CHALLENGE.
SINGLE LESSON
TEACH AS PART OF GCSE. AQA THEME B
OR AS A STAND-ALONE LESSON
PRIOR LEARNING: some knowledge of Bible creation accounts and principles of evolution desirable but not necessary.
INCLUDES RELIGIONS/PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS:
Creationism, liberal, Islam and humanism (evolution theory)
**RESOURCES INCLUDED: **
Slides
Target Grade descriptors
Key term bank / Quote bank
group task worksheet
model answer **
**ACTIVITIES INCLUDE: **
Do now (relevant prior knowledge for this lesson)
Teacher interactive Presentation with planned cold call questioning
Group work task
Modelling (exam answer)
Debate
Whole class assessment (planned questioning)
Independent End Task (exam question)
**PEDAGOGY FEATURES: **
• Recap
• Exam skills
• Check whole class understanding to address misconceptions
• Peer learning
• Reduce cognitive overload & clear teacher explanation
• Differentiation
EASY TO DELIVER
• Concise and logically sequenced
• Minimal printing
• Accessible for specialists and non-specialist teachers.
• Date on slide updates automatically.
• Task time indicators.
**I HOPE YOU ENJOY TEACHING THIS LESSON. YOUR FEEDBACK IS WELCOME. **
**FOR MORE LESSONS AND RESOURCES VISIT MY SHOP: **
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/Examined_Life
CREATION (ORIGINS OF UNIVERSE. AQA THEME B) LESSON ENABLES LEARNERS TO EXPLAIN IN DETAIL CONTRASTING VIEWS WITHIN AND BETWEEN CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM AND HUMANISM ABOUT THE CREATION OF THE WORLD. #ENGAGE, CHECK UNDERSTANDING, CORRECT MISCONCEPTIONS, DIFFERENTIATE, CHALLENGE.
SINGLE LESSON
TEACH AS PART OF GCSE. AQA THEME B RELIGION & LIFE
OR AS A STAND-ALONE LESSON
PRIOR LEARNING: HOLY BOOKS OF ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY. SOME KNOWLEDGE OF SCIENTIFIC/GENESIS ACCOUNT OF CREATION USEFUL BUT NOT ESSENTIAL
INCLUDES RELIGIONS/PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS:
Christianity: creationists and liberals
Islam: creationists and liberals
Humanism / Science
**RESOURCES INCLUDED: **
Slides
Target Grade descriptors for 12 mk question
Model Answer
Paired ‘we do’ task
Quotes/Key term bank
**ACTIVITIES INCLUDE: **
• Customisable Do Now followed by a short engaging starter considering both the start and the end (big freeze) of the universe according to science.
• Interactive reading of a model answer with planned questioning
• Partners complete short work sheet based on the model answer to prepare them to later write their own independently
• whole class assessment (planned questioning) to check for misconceptions before the end task
• End Task: students work independently in silence to write a response to a 12 mark question using success criteria
**PEDAGOGY FEATURES: **
• Exam skills
• Recap
• Planned questioning
• Check whole class understanding.
• Address misconceptions
• Peer learning
• Reduce cognitive overload
• End task assessment
• Differentiation
• Challenge
EASY TO DELIVER
• Concise and logically sequenced
• Minimal printing
• Accessible for specialists and non-specialist teachers.
• Date on slide updates automatically.
• Task time indicators.
**I HOPE YOU ENJOY TEACHING THIS LESSON. YOUR FEEDBACK IS WELCOME. **
**FOR MORE LESSONS AND RESOURCES VISIT MY SHOP: **
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/Examined_Life
Resurrection and ascension of Jesus is an engaging and easy to follow lesson for delivering: KS3 RELIGIOUS STUDIES: CHRISTIANITY
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
Explain Christian beliefs about the death, resurrection and ascension of Jesus with reference to scripture
ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
• Do now and self-assessment
• Read info, turn & talk
o What is original sin
o Why did god plan Jesus’ death?
o What happened at the crucifixion to indicate that Jesus was no ordinary human
• Solve the case of the missing body!
• List events in chronological order
• Answer question: explain Christian beliefs about the death, resurrection and ascension of Jesus with reference to scripture
• Planned questioning
• Extra challenges
EXAMINED_LIFE RESOURCES ARE SUITABLE FOR SPECIALISTS AND NON-SPECIALISTS.
I HOPE YOU ENJOY DELIVERING THIS LESSON. YOUR FEEDBACK IS WELCOME.
FIND MORE RELIGIOUS STUDIES RESOURCES AND BUNDLES FOR ALL KEY STAGES AT MY SHOP: https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/examined_life
INCARNATION Is an engaging and easy to follow lesson for delivering:
KS3 RELIGIOUS STUDIES: CHRISTIANITY
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
Explain Christian beliefs about the incarnation and how this is celebrated at Christmas. Refer to scripture
Activities include:
• Do now and self-assessment.
• Read info answer questions in book
• Pairs: list ways the incarnation is celebrated and why it is celebrated in this way
• Explain Bible quotes about the incarnation
• Whole class assessment. Planned questioning
• Answer question include quotes: explain Christian beliefs about the incarnation and why / how they celebrate it
• Extra challenges
EXAMINED_LIFE RESOURCES ARE SUITABLE FOR SPECIALISTS AND NON-SPECIALISTS
I hope you enjoy delivering this lesson. Your feedback is welcome.
Find more religious studies resources and bundles for all key stages at my shop: https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/examined_life
TRINITY IS AN ENGAGING AND EASY TO FOLLOW LESSON FOR DELIVERING:
KS3 RELIGIOUS STUDIES: CHRISTIANITY
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
EXPLAIN CHRISTIAN BELIEFS ABOUT THE ONENESS OF GOD AND THE TRINITY
ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
• DO NOW AND SELF-ASSESSMENT.
• PAIRED TASKS:
o COMPARING TRINITY TO H20!
o ROLES OF THE TRINITY
o MATCH BIBLE QUOTES
• GROUPS ANNOTATE IMAGE OF TRINITY
• WHOLE CLASS ASSESSMENT. PLANNED QUESTIONING
• ANSWER 5MK QUESTION INCLUDE QUOTES
• PEER ASSESSMENT
• EXTRA CHALLENGES
Examined_life resources are suitable for specialists and non-specialists
I hope you enjoy delivering this lesson. Your feedback is welcome.
Find more religious studies resources and bundles for all key stages at my shop: https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/examined_life
ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS is an engaging and easy to follow lesson for delivering:
KS3 RELIGIOUS STUDIES: WORLD RELIGIONS
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
• Critically Compare the Abrahamic Religions
ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
• Do now and self-assessment.
• Read info, turn and Talk: compare Islam, Judaism, Christianity
• Create a Venn diagram showing similarities and differences of these three world religions.
• Answer 4mk question - peer assessment
• Key term bingo
• extra challenges
Examined_Life resources are suitable for Specialists and non-Specialists
I hope you enjoy delivering this lesson. Your feedback is welcome.
Find more Religious Studies resources and bundles for ALL KEY STAGES at my shop: https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/Examined_Life
INTRO TO WORLD RELIGIONS is an engaging and easy to follow lesson for delivering: KS3 RELIGIOUS STUDIES: WORLD RELIGIONS. (IDEAL FOR A FIRST YEAR 7 LESSON)
STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:
• Understand why we learn Religious Studies at School
• Identify 5 philosophical attitudes towards the existence of God/s.
• Identify the six main religions in the world and list key facts about them
ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
• Do now (drawing on prior knowledge)
• Read 5 PHILOSOPHICAL ATTITUDES TO THE EXISTENCE OF GOD/S and decide which best describes you
• Turn and Talk
• Self assess – reasons we learn RS
• Fill table: key info of 6 major religions
• Extra Challenges
Examined_Life resources are suitable for Specialists and non-Specialists
I hope you enjoy delivering this lesson. Your feedback is welcome.
Find more Religious Studies resources and bundles for ALL KEY STAGES at my shop: https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/Examined_Life
14 X SINGLE LESSONS + QUOTE SHEET + KEY TERM SHEET FOR BOOKS + END OF TOPIC TEST AND ANSWERS + SCHEME OF LEARNING
CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM, BUDDHISM AND HUMANISM. VARIETY OF TASKS, MULTI-MEDIA & GAMES. #ENGAGE. CHECK UNDERSTANDING. ADDRESS MISCONCEPTIONS
MINIMAL PRINTING, CONCISE. DATE ON SLIDE UPDATES AUTOMATICALLY. EASY TO FOLLOW SUITABLE FOR SPECIALISTS AND NON-SPECIALISTS.
PEDAGOGY:
• Check understanding and address misconceptions throughout
• Reduce cognitive overload
• I do, we do, you do
• Emphasis on Exam Skills: A01 and A02
• Sacred Writing
• Whole Class assessment and extra challenges throughout.
LESSONS INCLUDED:
DESIGN ARGUMENT
EVALUATE DESIGN ARGUMENT
FIRST CAUSE ARGUMENT
FIRST CAUSE ARGUMENT EVALUATION
ARGUMENTS AGAINST EXISTENCE OF GOD: EVIL
THEISTS RESPONSE TO THE PROBLEM OF EVIL
ARGUMENTS AGAINST EXISTENCE OF GOD: SCIENCE AND THEIST RESPONSES
THE MIRACLES ARGUMENT FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
THE MIRACLES ARGUMENT EVALUATION
SPECIAL REVELATION AS A SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE DIVINE OR ULTIMATE REALITY AND HOLY FIGURES
EVALUATE SPECIAL REVELATION
GENERAL REVELATION
EVALUATE GENERAL REVELATION
KNOWLEDGE OF ULITMATE REALITY: BUDDHISM AND ISLAM
I hope you enjoy teaching this bundle. Your feedback is most welcome.
AQA THEME C. EXISTENCE AND KNOWLEDGE OF GOD. QUOTES FOR STUDENTS TO GLUE IN BOOKS.
SINGLE PAGE DOCUMENT INCLUDES ESSENTIAL QUOTES FOR THIS TOPIC FROM:
• BIBLE
• QURAN
• AQUINAS
• CALVIN
This resource includes
* 2 page Test paper with a range of AQA style questions including Q: 1,2,3,4 and 5
Highly detailed answer sheet: lists answers to ALL questions and shows how to develop points, refer to scripture, and give judgement (Q5) Ideal for quality whole class feedback, self/peer assessment or teacher marking.
KNOWLEDGE OF ULTIMATE REALITY: BUDDHISM & ISLAM LESSON ENABLES LEARNERS TO: Explain how enlightenment reveals knowledge of ultimate reality and God (Buddhism & Christianity) AND Explain Islam beliefs about general and special revelation. #ENGAGE, CHECK UNDERSTANDING & ADDRESS MISCONCEPTIONS
SINGLE LESSON 50-60 MINS
TEACH AS PART OF GCSE. AQA THEME C OR AS A STAND-ALONE LESSON
PRIOR LEARNING: GENERAL AND SPECIAL REVELATION
INCLUDES RELIGIONS/PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS:
BUDDHISM: ENLIGHTENMENT
ISLAM: GENERAL AND SPECIAL REVELATION
CHRISTIANITY: ENLIGHTENMENT (SPECIAL REVELATIONS AND SCRIPTURE)
**RESOURCES INCLUDED: **
Slides (including paired/group turn and talk task)
Quiz sheet: A02 questions and quote match
Answer sheet for self assessment of quiz
**ACTIVITIES INCLUDE: **
Presentation
Turn & talk
Planned questioning
End task assessment and Self-Assessment
Planned questioning to check whole class understanding.
**PEDAGOGY FEATURES: **
• Recap
• Planned questioning / address misconceptions.
• Peer learning
• Reduce cognitive overload
• End task assessment and dedicated improvement time
EASY TO DELIVER
• Concise and logically sequenced
• Minimal printing
• Accessible for specialists and non-specialist teachers.
• Date on slide updates automatically.
• Task time indicators.
**I HOPE YOU ENJOY TEACHING THIS LESSON. YOUR FEEDBACK IS WELCOME. **
**FOR MORE LESSONS AND RESOURCES VISIT MY SHOP: **
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/Examined_Life
INCARNATION AND CHRISTMAS LESSON ENABLES LEARNERS TO: Explain Christian beliefs about the incarnation and how this is celebrated at Christmas (with reference to scripture).
#ENGAGE, CHECK UNDERSTANDING, CORRECT MISCONCEPTIONS, DIFFERENTIATE, CHALLENGE.
SINGLE LESSON 50-60 MINS
TEACH AS PART OF GCSE. CHRISTIAN BELIEFS
OR AS A STAND-ALONE LESSON
SUITABLE FOR KS3 / LA KS4
PRIOR LEARNING: TRINITY
**DIFFERENTIATION: **
Writing frame
Key term bank
Quote bank
Extra Challenges
Peer learning
Planned questioning. Checking understanding / address misconceptions
**ACTIVITIES INCLUDE: **
Presentation
Reading & answer questions
Quote analysis
Turn and Talk
Planned questioning to check whole class understanding.
Exam Question: Explain / How this influences…
EASY TO DELIVER
• Concise and logically sequenced
• Minimal printing
• Accessible for specialists and non-specialist teachers.
• Date on slide updates automatically.
• Task time indicators.
**I HOPE YOU ENJOY TEACHING THIS LESSON. YOUR FEEDBACK IS WELCOME. **
**FOR MORE LESSONS AND RESOURCES VISIT MY SHOP: **
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/Examined_Life
TRINITY. ENABLES LEARNERS TO: Explain Christian beliefs about the oneness of God and the Trinity with reference to sacred writing. #ENGAGE, CHECK UNDERSTANDING, CORRECT MISCONCEPTIONS, DIFFERENTIATE, CHALLENGE.
SINGLE LESSON 50-60 MINS
IDEAL FOR KS3 LESSON OR KS4 CHRISTIAN BELIEFS
PRIOR LEARNING: None required
INCLUDES RELIGIONS
Christianity, Bible and Lord’s prayer
**RESOURCES INCLUDED: **
Slides
Group task annotation work sheet
Writing frame
Key term bank
Quote bank
**ACTIVITIES INCLUDE: **
Presentation
Annotation
Matching
Discussion
Planned questioning to check whole class understanding.
Modelling
Exam Question: Explain…
**PEDAGOGY FEATURES: **
• Exam skills – refer to sacred writing
• Recap
• Planned questioning
• Check whole class understanding.
• Address misconceptions
• Peer learning
• Reduce cognitive overload
• End task assessment
• Differentiation
EASY TO DELIVER
• Concise and logically sequenced
• Minimal printing
• Accessible for specialists and non-specialist teachers.
• Date on slide updates automatically.
• Task time indicators.
**I HOPE YOU ENJOY TEACHING THIS LESSON. YOUR FEEDBACK IS WELCOME. **
**FOR MORE LESSONS AND RESOURCES VISIT MY SHOP: **
https://www.tes.com/teaching-resources/shop/Examined_Life